Research

Preliminary evidence for a change in spectral sensitivity of the circadian system at night

Mariana G Figueiro¹ , John D Bullough¹ , Robert H Parsons² and Mark S Rea¹

¹  Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA

²  Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA

author email corresponding author email

Journal of Circadian Rhythms 2005, 3:14doi:10.1186/1740-3391-3-14

Published:	11 December 2005

Abstract

Background

It is well established that the absolute sensitivity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to photic stimulation received through the retino-hypothalamic tract changes throughout the 24-hour day. It is also believed that a combination of classical photoreceptors (rods and cones) and melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells participate in circadian phototransduction, with a spectral sensitivity peaking between 440 and 500 nm. It is still unknown, however, whether the spectral sensitivity of the circadian system also changes throughout the solar day. Reported here is a new study that was designed to determine whether the spectral sensitivity of the circadian retinal phototransduction mechanism, measured through melatonin suppression and iris constriction, varies at night.

Methods

Human adult males were exposed to a high-pressure mercury lamp [450 lux (170 μW/cm²) at the cornea] and an array of blue light emitting diodes [18 lux (29 μW/cm²) at the cornea] during two nighttime experimental sessions. Both melatonin suppression and iris constriction were measured during and after a one-hour light exposure just after midnight and just before dawn.

Results

An increase in the percentage of melatonin suppression and an increase in pupil constriction for the mercury source relative to the blue light source at night were found, suggesting a temporal change in the contribution of photoreceptor mechanisms leading to melatonin suppression and, possibly, iris constriction by light in humans.

Conclusion

The preliminary data presented here suggest a change in the spectral sensitivity of circadian phototransduction mechanisms at two different times of the night. These findings are hypothesized to be the result of a change in the sensitivity of the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells to light during the night.